中华人民共和国国家历史地图集
《中华人民共和国国家历史地图集(第1册)》共分为三册，含1300幅历史地图和20个专题图组，全面反映了中国从史前时期到1949年的历史自然地理和历史人文地理的发展过程。本图集第一册，含400余幅图和6个专题图组，包括民族、人口、都市、城市遗址与布局、气候、自然灾害等历史图组和序图。其中有些图幅附有文字说明。图集总序、本册序言、总编例、目录和各图组前言、编例等附有英文，最后附有古地名索引。第三届中国出版政府奖2013
基本介绍
内容简介
历时三十余载 汇聚数十位专家 具有里程碑意义
作者简介
中华人民共和国国家地图集
编委员会
主任委员 武衡
副主任委员(按姓氏笔画为序)
王忍之 甘子玉 何 康 金祥文
秘书长 冯孟华
副秘书长 张冰如
委 员(按姓氏笔画为序)
万遇贤 马 安 王大钧 方 俊
方 磊 尹 达 叶永毅 史念海
许光建 孙鸿烈 李廷栋 李廷赞
李旭之 李海晨 杨 生 吴传钧
吴忠性 吴征镒 闵布裘 沈玉昌
图书目录
总图例 General Legend
序图 Introductory Maps
（一）民族 Nationalities
（二）人口 种群
（三）都市分布 Distribution of Urban Centers
（四）城市遗址与布局 Ruins of Cities and Their Layouts
（五）气候 Climate
（六）自然灾害 Natural Disasters
水旱灾 Floods and Droughts
地 震 Earthquakes
索引 Indexes
索引说明
民族图组古地名索引
民族图组民族名索引
人口图组古地名索引
都市分布图组古地名索引
城市遗址与布局图组古地名索引
自然灾害图组古地名索引
文摘
总编例
一、本图集以历史时期的中国为编绘的空间范围，即以18世纪50年代清朝完成统一之后，19世纪40年代西方列强侵入以前的中国历史疆域为基准。历史时期在此范围内存在的政权和民族的活动，都应在本图集中得到反映。但因受到资料和研究成果的限制，多数图组无法画出显示各个历史时期全中国的地图，所以除疆域政区图组外，其他图组均根据实际可能和需要，确定其空间范围。民族图组中的跨境民族、交通图组中的中外交通路线等也依据历史实际予以表现，不受中国历史疆域的限制。
二、本图集总的时间范围起自史前时期，止于1949年。但因各图组所表示的内容不同，资料和研究成果各异，具体起讫时间不作统一规定。
三、本图集的地图和文字说明(含图表)主要根据历史文献资料、古地图、考古发掘报告和相关的研究成果。大多数图幅由作者自行收集资料或运用自己的研究成果；一部分采用或参考了他人研究成果(含地图)，已在有关图组或图幅作了说明。凡采用他人未公开发表的成果或资料，均已征得本人同意。
四、本图集各图幅一般都作古今对照，即将需要显示的历史地理要素描绘在相应的今地理底图上，以便读者进行对照。但对照的详略程度、所选地理要素的多寡，视图幅的需要与可能而定，图组之间和同一图组的图幅之间允许差别。
图上所有古县级以上（含县级）居民点的标示方法一般是：①古今同点同名者，注古名，不注今名（不含首都、省会）；②古今同点不同名者，古今名均注；③古今同名不同点者，古今点均注名；④纯属古点者，标出该点附近之今县、市，并注名。
五、古地理底图以谭其骧主编、中国地图出版社出版的《中国历史地图集》为基本资料。凡标准年代与《中国历史地图集》一致的图幅，一般即根据该图集的相应图幅编绘；标准年代不一致的图幅，由编者以该图集年代相近的图幅为基础修改编定。对该图集中的错漏，或编者与之有不同意见者，由编者改定。某些该图集不能提供的古底图，由编者另编。
六、本图集初步设定20个图组，共约1300余幅地图，分为三册。由于各图组完成时间不一，为争取早日出版，同时考虑到各图组具有相对的独立性，故基本上按图组完成的先后分册，但在同一册中兼顾内容的次序。
七、各图组内的排列次序为前言、编例、地图。前言用以说明本图组所要表达的基本内容及其在中国历史和历史地理中的作用、地位，主要资料来源和显示方法，编绘过程和其他需要说明的问题等。编例则用以列举除图集总编例外本图组的专用编绘原则和表示方法。
八、各图组的图幅排列一般以年代先后为序。个别图幅由于编排技术上的需要，对年代顺序稍作调整。同一图组中如有不同类别或不同区域的，则先分类别或区域，在同一类别或区域内一般仍按年代先后排列。类别的排列按有关学科的惯例，区域的排列按当时的习惯，或按今行政区划的排列次序。
九、各图幅的记时，凡能确定其具体年代者，或标出其王朝纪年，用括号注出相应的公元纪年；或只标出公元纪年，不标王朝纪年。有些反映整个王朝时期的图幅，则只标王朝时期，不标公元纪年，如“春秋时期”、“战国时期”、“秦时期”、“西汉”等等。本图集涉及到的主要王朝时期与相应的公元纪年列简表如后：
十、因分支学科较多，本图集地图类型也较多。有些图分为总图和分幅图：总图用以表示各图组某一类型或区域的总体内容；分幅图用以表示总图分地区的详细内容。有些图分为主图、扩大图、位置图和附图：凡主图上局部区域要素过密，原有比例尺无法显示者，用较大比例尺作局部扩大图；凡难以显示主图地理位置或读者不易了解其确切位置的，另作位置图以为索引；如有地理要素或历史遗存无法在主图中得到显示者，另作附图。城市遗址与布局图组中，还有用以表示历代城址变迁的城址演变图。
十一、由于各图组、各图幅所显示的内容详略悬殊，地区范围不同，无法采用统一的比例尺，各图比例尺的大小由各图组视具体情况而定。
十二、总图例只说明古今地理底图上的内容，至于图上的古专题内容的图例则附于各幅图上。
十三、各图幅内容主要靠图面配以图例表示，凡依据图例已可表达清楚的，即不再加文字说明。但有些图上无法显示的重要信息，以及为帮助读者阅图所必须的说明，则在图幅所在页或图组适当位置，附以简要的文字或表格。
十四、本图集第一册今地理底图政区资料截止于2010年。
GENERAL COMPILING PRINCIPLES
1. This Atlas has taken China in a historical period to be the space scope of editorial and mapping working, that is to say, taking the historical territory of China after the fulfillment of unification by Qing dynasty in the 1750s and before the invasion by the Western powers in the 1840s, as the basic standard. All activities of the political powers and the nationalities that existed in this scope and during this historical period should be reflected in this Atlas. However, owing to the limitation of the available 数据 and research results, in most of the map-groups, it is impossible to draw the maps that display the whole of China at every stage of history. Therefore, with the exception of the map-group of the territory and administritive regions, the space scope of all other map-groups have been depicted according to what is practically possible and needed. The cross-border nationalities in the nationalities map-group, the 传播学 routes between China and foreign countries in the communication map-group, are also presented on the basis of historical realities, and are not restricted to the historical territory of China.
2. The general 时间 span of this Atlas begins with the prehistorical eras and ends at 1949. However, in view of the differences of information conveyed by different map-groups and the variety of their 数据 sources and research results, no unified rule has been established for the 混凝土 时间 of beginning and ending in each specific case.
3. The information provided by the maps and the texts (including tables ) is based on written historical records, ancient maps, reports on archaeological findings and related research results. Most maps were designed according to the 数据 collected by the compilers themselves or the results of his own research and partly those of other people’ s research (including their maps), with explicit explanations to this effect in the group or maps in question. Other people’ s unpublished 数据 or research results are used always with their own consent.
4. Generally, maps are presented in this Atlas with double reference to the past and the present on a comparative basis. This means that the historical geographical elements to be displayed are drawn upon a corresponding CONTEMPORARY geographical base map, so that the reader can make a comparison. However, the degree of minuteness of this double reference and the number of geographical elements chosen for comparison depend on what is needed and possible. Differences are allowed between map-groups and maps of the same group.
All the Ancient populated sites at county level and above (including the county) are generally marked in the maps in the following way:
(A) Those having the same location and the same name both in the past and at present are marked with their ancient names only, without repeating the same NAME.S they are used now (excluding the national and provincial capitals).
(B) Those having the same location both in the past and at present but whose ancient name differs from the present one are marked with both NAME.S
(C) Those representing in the past a different location from the present one with the same name should have this identical name put at both the ancient and the present locations.
(D) Those having ancient names only are marked with the names of the present-day counties or municipalities where they are closed to, together with thEIR Ancient NAME.S
5. The base historical maps are based upon the Historical Atlas of China published by the Cartographic Publishing House of China and with Tan Qixiang as its editor-in-chief. Wherever the standard year referred to in our Atlas coincides with its counterpart in the chief source, maps were made usually in keeping with the corresponding ones contained therein. Wherever the standard year turns out to be another one, maps were made in accordance with maps the compiler found to be close to the year he had in mind, plus some updating as was necessary. Wherever oversights or omissions were found in the old Historical Atlas or any view different from it was held by the compiler, it was up to the latter to redress what was wrong and to add what was missing. Base historical maps unavailable with the Historical Atlas of China as the chief source were made from scratch.
6. As tentatively planned, this Atlas consists of 20 map-groups and contains over 1,300 maps in three volumes. In view of the fact that the different groups were not finished all at the same 时间 but it was necessary to bring our work to public view as soon as possible, and, furthermore, taking into account the relatively independent nature of the contents of each group, the three volumes were made and published one after another basically in the sequence of the dates of finishing of the different groups, giving due consideration, nevertheless, to the logical sequence of contents inside each group.
7. The sequence of contents inside each map-group is as follows: introduction; compiling principles; maps. The introduction explains what basic information is to be conveyed in the given group of maps, the role and significance of the elements dealt with herein in China’ s history and historical geography, the main sources of such information and the ways for their display, the process of mapmaking and some explanations，if any. The compiling principles refer to those specific ones governing the compilation of the given group other than the more general ones governing the entire Atlas as a whole.
8. The sequence of maps inside each group is basically chronological, except for a few maps where small adjustments were made to meet special requirement in layout technique. Whenever different categories or regions are dealt with inside the same group, the sequence is at first by categories and regions and only turns into essentially chronological under each category or region. The different categories are arranged in a sequence in accordance with what is convention for the relevant disciplines, and the different regions in accordance whether with what was customary at the given stage of history or with the present-day sequence of the administrative regions.
9. Whenever the exact year can be identified, the year number in terms of the reign of the sitting monarch is indicated, accompanied by the year number of the Christian era between brackets, or only the latter is indicated, omitting the former. On some maps dealing with the entire period of a dynasty, only this period is indicated, without specifying any year numbers of the Christian era, as is the case with the “Spring and Autumn Period”, the “Period of the Warring States”, the “Period of the Qin Dynasty” and the “Period of the Western Han Dynasty”, etc. The major dynasty periods and their respective years of Christian era are as follows：
10. The great variety of sub-disciplines determines the variety of map types in this Atlas. Some of the maps are divided into general maps and fragments, the former dealing with the overall contents of a given category or region of a given group and the latter providing detailed information about given smaller segments of the 面积 covered by the general map. Other maps are divided into main maps, insets devoted to enlarged segments or for depicting the location of the map area within a larger one, as well as supplementary maps. If, with the general map to scale, the excessive density of elements crowded in a particular segment of the general 面积 makes it impossible to name them, an inset depicting this segment on a larger scale is added. When the location of the area that the general map is devoted to is hard to display or when it can be hard for the reader to find it out, another inset is added depicting its location. Geographical elements or historical vestiges impossible of display on the general map are shown on supplementary maps. Maps indicating evolutions of city sites of the past dynasties are also added in the map-group of sites of lost cities and their layouts.
11. The diversity between the different groups and maps in terms of minuteness of information and 星等 of land involved, a unified scale is impossible, each map being made on the scale most suitable to its specific conditions.
12. The general legend deals only with the information provided by the base historical and present-day maps, whereas those legends related to specialized disciplines pertaining to the Ancient 时间s are placed on the relative maps
13. The information provided by each map is conveyed essentially by means of the visual graphic of the map as well as the legend. Any information that can be made clear by the legend is given without any more text explanation. Some important information impossible of conveying by means of the legend only or in need of further explanation for the reader to understand is given in succinct texts or tables on the same map or somewhere else inside the group.
14The contemporary base maps in the first volume of this Atlas indicate the information about administrative regions up to 2010.
序言
总序
编纂国家地图集是一九五六年周恩来总理亲自主持制定的十二年国家科学发展规划的国家重点科研项目之一。一九五八年开始编纂工作，预定分普通、自然、历史和经济地图集四卷。其中《中华人民共和国自然地图集》于一九六五年出版；由于十年动乱，普通地图集只完成了省区图部分，遂以《中华人民共和国分省地图》于一九六九年出版；其他卷的编纂工作被迫停顿。
一九八○年十二月五届政协常务委员会第十四次会议，通过了由十七位政协委员提出的“国家地图集应列入国家规划，继续编纂和公开出版”的提案。翌年五月，国务院批准了国家科委、国家测绘学总局、中国科学院和中国社会科学院《关于继续编纂出版国家地图集的请示报告》。拟定分国家普通地图集、国家自然地图集、国家历史地图集、国家农业地图集和国家经济地图集五卷编纂出版。
国家地图集具有百科全书性质，是大型的、综合性的国家级科学参考地图集。它充分运用我国长期积累的历史资料和科学研究成果，通过形象的、清晰的地图表达形式，全面地、系统地、直观地反映我国自然地理、社会历史和经济文化状况等基本国情，是国家进行总体规划、开发资源、改造自然和部署工农业生产的重要科学参考资料。编纂国家地图集是经济规划和地球科学研究的一项基础工作，反映着我国科学技术的发展水平，同时，也是进行爱国主义教育，增进各国人民对中国的了解，建设社会主义高度物质文明和精神文明的需要。
中华民族有着五千年悠久的文明史。我国历史盛世时期曾多次编纂出版大型舆地图集。中华人民共和国经历了四十年的光辉历程，我们更具充分条件来编纂出版国家地图集。这一套国家地图集综合了多学科的研究成果，凝结了众多科学家和技术人员的智慧。但由于部门及各学科之间发展的不平衡和编者水平所限，图集内容疏漏之处，请读者指正。
中华人民共和国国家地图集编纂委员会
一九八八年十一月五日
GENERAL PREFACE
The compilation of the National Atlases is one of the key national scientific research projects of the State Twelve year Plan of Development of Sciences worked out in 1956 under the direct leadership of Premier Zhou Enlai. The compiling work started in 1958, in accordance with a preliminary plan for four Atlases, namely the general，physiographical，historical and economic. One of which，the Physiographical Atlas of the People’ s Republic of China, was published in 1965, whereas most of the work process for the other volumes was brought to a halt owing to the ten years of turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, except for the publication in 1969 of an Atlas of the Provinces and Regions of the People’ s Republic of China, as part of the unfinished overall project for a general national atlas.
In December 1980, the 14th conference of the Permanent Committee of the Fifth Chinese People’ s Political Consultative Conference adopted a proposal put 前锋 by SEVENTEEN of its members to the effect that “the work of compiling the National Atlases should be brought into line with the State plans and carried on as before so that these Atlases may be available to the general public”. In May the following year, the State Council approved a “Request for Instructions Concerning the Continuation of the Work of Compiling and Publishing National Atlases”, jointly submitted by the State Science and Technology Commission, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and decided that five different National Atlases be compiled and published, namely general, physical, historical, agricultural and economic .
The National Atlases are of an encyclopedic nature and serve as scientific reference tools of nationwide significance, published in large volumes and encompassing a wide range of information. Making full use of the wealth of historical 数据 accumulated over long periods of Chinese history and the achievements scored in China’ s scientific research work and offering information by means of graphic images and distinct maps, they are intended to provide in a comprehensive, systematic and visual way different kinds of basic 数据 concerning the Nation’ s realities such as its physiographical conditions，the history of its society and its economic and cultural conditions. They contain important scientific information to be taken into account by the State in making overall planning, exploiting the Nation’ s natural resources, transforming nature and drawing up projects for industrial and agricultural production. Their compilation constitutes a groundwork of economic planning and geo-sciences and is a mirror of the level attained by the country’ s science and technology in their development. At the same time, they are needed to educate the people in a patriotic 精神, enhance the understanding of China by other peoples and build 社会主义 with advanced material and spiritual civilizations.
The Chinese Nation has a long-standing civilization of five thousand years. On a good many occasions in China’ s history, when prosperity prevailed in the country, large volumes of maps were compiled and printed. Since the People’ s Republic of China has up to now a glorious history of forty years, we are all the more in a position to compile the new National Atlases. This set of National Atlases is a 美洲葡萄 of the achievements obtained in various fields of academic research and the crystallization of the wisdom of a great number of scientists and technicians. As to the oversights and omissions that may occur owing to the unequal level of development in different fields of academic research as well as to the limitations of the editors’ capacity, we are looking forward to receiving criticisms from our readers.
The Compiling Commission of National Atlases of
the People’ s Republic of China
November 5,1988
名人推荐
《中华人民共和国国家历史地图集》显示了目前我们所能达到的比较高的学术水平。这部图集的编纂，凝聚了几代学者们的治学心力，体现了几代学者们的团队精神。出版这部图集的学术价值和科学意义，首先在于它是传承，传承了我们民族尊重历史的优良传统，传承了老一辈学者的治学风范和研究成就。其次它不但是积累，更重要的是创新。每一个图组的设计和内容的选取，每一幅地图的绘制，都是编绘者不断吸纳最新的资料，多年潜心治学的研究成果；城市遗址与布局图组更是考古发掘和田野调查的亲历者所绘制。所以，《中华人民共和国国家历史地图集》里绝大多数地图的面孔是世人没有见到过的，有比较高的原创性和权威性，反映20世纪80年代以来中国历史地理学、历史学和考古学及其相关学科的最新研究成果，基本上为国内外学界所认可。这部图集的科学意义还在于它是建设中国优秀文化传承体系中的一个部分，为更深入的持续性研究奠定了基础，是进行科学研究和科学决策的参考资料。
历史地图的编绘是一门严格需要实证研究的学问和工作，《中华人民共和国国家历史地图集》各种地理要素的表现，都要有历史文献记载或文物考古遗址遗物作为依据。中国历史地图的制作有悠久的历史，历史地理学的学术遗产十分丰富。但它们和我们今天所要求的用现代科学技术来正确定位、定点、定线，正确反映各种地理要素发展变化，而且古今对照的历史地图，毕竟有很大的差距和差别。这就需要我们在工作中既要充分占有历史资料，重视前人的学术成果，又能以科学创新的精神，对前人的学术遗产加以考订，进行必要的补充和修正。无论是山川、疆域、政区和都邑，古今对照都要付出艰辛的劳动。参加《图集》编绘工作的同志，都有一个共同的认识，就是要对历史负责。
林甘泉 中国社会科学院学部委员、历史研究所研究员
《中华人民共和国国家历史地图集》最大特色是其内容的广泛性、丰富性、完整性、全面性和系统性。它几乎涵盖了当今历史地理学科所有分支学科，能从浩如烟海的历史文献中挖掘出如此齐全的各种地理元素，真是难能可贵！对于许多新开拓的学术领域，能将史料直接转换为绘图元素，通过平面地图的形式表现出来，真是一大创举。所以说这本图集实质上是一部具有开创意义的重要学术著作。
《中华人民共和国国家历史地图集》另一特色就是它充分反映了我们当代最新的历史地理知识，汇集了当代最高学术水平和绘图的科学技术水平。改革开放以后，历史地理学如雨后春笋般地成长起来，其学术成果得到空前的大发展，许多过去空白领域，而今得到了填补。这些科研成果绝大部分在这本图集中得到了淋漓尽致的表现，使得本图集容光焕发，光彩夺目！
中国社会科学院学部委员 张海鹏
中国社会科学院历史研究所研究员 杜瑜